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ʿArūḍ or Arud ((アラビア語:العروض) ') is often called the ''Science of Poetry'' ((アラビア語:علم الشعر) '). Its laws were laid down by Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (d. 786), an early Arab lexicographer and philologist, who did so after noticing that poems consisted of repeated rhythms in each verse. He wrote his first book, Al-Ard, describing 15 types of verses. It is said that he used to climb down into a well in order to enjoy the poems during his study. Later Al-Akhfash al-Akbar described a 16th meter, al-Mutadārik. Al-Khalil was primarily a grammarian, and using the grammatical terminology of his day he employed the terms ''ḥarf mutaḥarrik'' "mobile letter" and ''ḥarf sākin'' "quiescent letter" to devise a classification of syllables. A ''ḥarf mutaḥarrik'' is a consonant which is followed by a vowel, and a ''ḥarf sākin'' is a consonant which is not followed by a vowel. He combined these as fundamental prosodic elements to define a number of prosodic sequences.〔Rina Drory, ''Models and Contacts: Arabic Literature and Its Impact on Medieval Jewish Culture'', BRILL, 2000, (p. 196 ). 〕 ʿArūḍ is the study of poetic meters, which identifies the meter of a poem and determines whether the meter is sound or broken in lines of the poem. The study of ʿarūḍ is said to have begun within the first century AH in a region called ʿArūḍ near Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which is why it was called ʿarūḍ. ==Prosodic elements== The ʿArūḍ spelling is based on the ' () (which indicates that the letter above or below which it is placed is followed by a short vowel, either ' (' ), ' (' ) or ' (' )) and on the ', also called ' () (which indicates that the letter above which it is placed is NOT followed by any short vowel). The fatḥa, ḍamma and kasra vowels are represented by the ' (which is a short horizontal line), and the ' or ' by the usual ' character (which is shaped like a circle). There are mnemonic phrases that facilitate memorizing the ' patterns. One example of these mnemonic phrases is: () (Literally meaning: I did not see a fish on top of a mountain) For the purpose of identifying and writing out the ''ʿarūḍ'', words are spelled out phonetically. For example, the word "al-karīm" ("the generous") is usually spelled "". In ' writing, it is written phonetically as "". The first letter after al- (the definite particle) is a so-called ''moon'' letter (''harf qamari''), meaning the word is pronounced ''lkareem'', so it is written this way for the purpose of the ''ʿarūḍ''. Some words start with a ''sun'' letter (''harf shamsi''); in these the ''l'' of the article is assimilated to the first letter of the noun, as in the word "al-shams" (meaning "the sun"), pronounced '. In ' writing, this would be written . That is to say, in ʿarūḍ writing, the ', which symbolizes the doubling of a letter, is not written, and the letter on which it is normally put is written twice. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arabic prosody」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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